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HSK 7

联合关系：并列句群、承接句群、递进句群、选择句群、解说句群、总括句群

lián hé guān xì ： bìng liè jù qún 、 chéng jiē jù qún 、 dì jìn jù qún 、 xuǎn zé jù qún 、 jiě shuō jù qún 、 zǒng kuò jù qún

Coordinate relations in Chinese sentence groups (including: enumerative, successive, progressive, alternative, explanatory, summary sentences)

Explanation

These are the types of coordinate relations (clauses/sentences of equal rank in their role) within sentence groups (a cohesive chain of sentences) in Chinese, comprising: 并列 (bìngliè, parallel listing), 承接 (chéngjiē, sequential succession), 递进 (dìjìn, progression), 选择 (xuǎnzé, choice), 解说 (jiěshuō, explanation), 总括 (zǒngkuò, summing up).

Structure

several sentences in succession that together clarify one larger idea. For example, a 承接句群 (chéngjiē jùqún, sequential sentence group) narrates events in exact chronological order; a 总括句群 (zǒngkuò jùqún, summarizing sentence group) often uses 总而言之 (zǒng'éryánzhī, in short) to conclude the whole passage.

When to use

when writing a paragraph, choose the type of linkage according to the relation of ideas so as to keep it coherent; this knowledge leans toward the analysis of written texts.

Distinguish

承接 (chéngjiē) stresses 'the before-and-after sequence'; 递进 (dìjìn) stresses 'the later being stronger/deeper than the earlier'; 总括 (zǒngkuò) stresses 'the concluding, summing-up sentence'; do not confuse these three.

Common mistakes

mistaking a merely coordinate listing group (并列) for a progressive one (递进); and misusing summarizing connectives — only 总括 goes with 总而言之/总之, not the other types.

Examples

在一起一年多了。时间虽然不长，但是哥哥再也没有胃疼得起不来了，那是因为我每天早上硬拉他起来吃早饭。我呢，更是体会到了被人悉心照料的感觉。从此我们的生活就多了一份彼此间的牵挂。（承接句群）
zàiyìqǐyìniánduōle。shíjiānsuīránbùcháng，dànshìgēgezàiyěméiyǒuwèiténgdeqǐbùláile，nàshìyīnwèiwǒměitiānzǎoshàngyìnglātāqǐláichīzǎofàn。wǒne，gèngshìtǐhuìdàolebèirénxīxīnzhàoliàodegǎnjué。cóngcǐwǒmendeshēnghuójiùduōleyífènbǐcǐjiāndeqiānguà。（chéngjiējùqún）

We've been together for over a year now. Though the time hasn't been long, my older brother no longer has stomachaches so bad that he can't get up, and that is because every morning I drag him out of bed to eat breakfast. As for me, I have come all the more to know the feeling of being carefully cared for. From then on our lives gained an added measure of mutual concern for each other. (sequential sentence group)

运动场聚集了很多人。来长跑的有大学的音乐系教授、中文系教授，有跳高运动员、跳远运动员、游泳运动员、长跑运动员，有那个写了一部小说的作家，还有各个大学的大学生。总而言之吧，那时候小小的农场真可谓人才聚集，全省的本事人基本上都到这里来了。（总括句群）
yùndòngchǎngjùjílehěnduōrén。láichángpǎodeyǒudàxuédeyīnyuèxìjiàoshòu、zhōngwénxìjiàoshòu，yǒutiàogāoyùndòngyuán、tiàoyuǎnyùndòngyuán、yóuyǒngyùndòngyuán、chángpǎoyùndòngyuán，yǒunàgexiěleyíbùxiǎoshuōdezuòjiā，háiyǒugègèdàxuédedàxuéshēng。zǒngéryánzhība，nàshíhouxiǎoxiǎodenóngchǎngzhēnkěwèiréncáijùjí，quánshěngdeběnshìrénjīběnshàngdōudàozhèlǐláile。（zǒngkuòjùqún）

The sports ground had gathered a great many people. Those who came for the long-distance run included professors from the university's music department and Chinese department, high jumpers, long jumpers, swimmers, and long-distance runners; there was that writer who had written a novel, and there were students from various universities. In short, that small farm at the time could truly be called a gathering of talent — nearly all the capable people in the whole province had come here. (summarizing sentence group)

Practice

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Learn “联合关系：并列句群、承接句群、递进句群、选择句群、解说句群、总括句群” effectively

The grammar point “联合关系：并列句群、承接句群、递进句群、选择句群、解说句群、总括句群” (Coordinate relations in Chinese sentence groups (including: enumerative, successive, progressive, alternative, explanatory, summary sentences)) is one of the key structures at HSK 7. To use it fluently, you need to understand the contexts where it's used and practice regularly.

Study tip: read the examples aloud many times to build a natural reflex. Then try making your own sentences for your own situations. Use the audio button to hear and practice accurate pronunciation.

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