HSK 7
（由于）⋯⋯ ，以致⋯⋯
（ yóu yú ） ⋯ ⋯ ， yǐ zhì ⋯ ⋯
Negative cause-effect structure with 由于 and 以致
Explanation
This is a cause-and-effect compound sentence (a sentence with a clause stating the cause and a clause stating the result) using '（由于）...，以致...' to link a cause with a bad, undesirable result.
(由于 yóuyú = due to) + cause, 以致 (yǐzhì) + negative result. '由于' at the front states the reason (can be omitted), '以致' means 'to the point that, resulting in'.
written language, when analyzing or criticizing a mistake and its bad consequence; it emphasizes a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
'以致' always leads to a bad/unintended result; whereas '以至' (yǐzhì, a different character) indicates an increasing degree 'to the point of even...', not necessarily bad. Don't mix up these two characters.
using '以致' for a good result (wrong—it must be a negative consequence); and placing '以致' in the cause clause instead of the result clause.
Examples
He overslept, resulting in missing the first class.
Because he did not study seriously, he ended up finishing last in the exam.
Practice
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Learn “（由于）⋯⋯ ，以致⋯⋯” effectively
The grammar point “（由于）⋯⋯ ，以致⋯⋯” (Negative cause-effect structure with 由于 and 以致) is one of the key structures at HSK 7. To use it fluently, you need to understand the contexts where it's used and practice regularly.
Study tip: read the examples aloud many times to build a natural reflex. Then try making your own sentences for your own situations. Use the audio button to hear and practice accurate pronunciation.
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